What is a Topographic survey?

A topographic survey depicts the topography or the “lay of the land” of a specific parcel(s). Elevations are taken with surveying equipment at several points on the property and plotted on paper. Lines, called “contours,” are drawn to connect identical points of elevations. The process of drawing the contours is similar to a connect-the-dots puzzle. Contour lines are shown as assumed datum or in USGS datum. Contours using assumed datum are based upon elevations at a given point assumed to be 100. The elevation of 100 is used to provide a reference for other elevations at the site. The contours are numbered according to the number of feet of change from 100. For example, if a starting point elevation at a stake on the property is assumed to be 100, then a 10’ rise in the property above the stake would be shown as contour 110 and a low area whose elevation is 4’ below the stake would be shown as 96. Contours shown in USGS datum are numbered according to United States Geological Survey (USGS) information in number of feet above sea level. For example, a point on a property is referenced to a known elevation (benchmark),
such as 750.0 feet above sea level. Benchmarks may be found as iron rods on telephone poles or as concrete markers or metal plates on the ground. All elevation points taken on a property are referenced to the known elevation. A 10’ rise in the property using USGS datum would be shown as contour 760.0 and a low area with an elevation 4’ below the known elevation would be 746.0 feet above sea level.